You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Encyclopedia.com. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. . Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. "[5] Update now. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. View original page. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. Inventions Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Szczepanski, Kallie. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. ", Dai, Yingcong. 22 Feb. 2023 . In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Corrections? The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. . "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. //]]>. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. The rebels are all our own subjects. "White Lotus Rebellion In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? The White Lotus Rebellion - Home One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. White Lotus - Wikiwand But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. And so the war was waged. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Updates? It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. (present perfect, tell). A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. (February 22, 2023). The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. ", Dai, Yingcong. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912.