The soft feces are produced in the cecum and contain up to five times the vitamin content of hard feces; these are reingested (see coprophagy). lagomorphs have 4 upper incisor teeth What makes lagomorphs different from rodents? Rabbits can make good pets for the right person. ; Chobe, L.P. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. As nouns the difference between mammal and rodent is that mammal is an animal of the class mammalia, characterized by being warm-blooded, having hair and feeding milk to its young while rodent is (senseid)a mammal of the order rodentia, characterized by long incisors that grow continuously and are worn down by gnawing. Liu, P.; Bu, Q.N. In addition, rabbits have huge ears, which are their main form of thermoregulation. Fecal HEV RNA was detected from the primary defecation of all newborn rabbits born from infected mothers. Pollock, C.G. Are Rabbits And Rodents Related? Rabbit Care Tips The two North American pikas and about half of Asian pikas occupy rocky habitat, where they live without making burrows. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Allweiss, L.; Gass, S.; Giersch, K.; Groth, A.; Kah, J.; Volz, T.; Rapp, G.; Schbel, A.; Lohse, A.W. HEV, in general, has been a difficult pathogen to understand in the laboratory setting. studied the pregnancy results that could pertain to different HEV genotypes and if prevention could be achieved by the HEV 239 (Hecolin, 26 kDa recombinant polypeptide expressed by the Escherichia coli system derived from the 368606 amino acid segment of the HEV gt1 ORF2) vaccine. ; Lemon, S.M. ; Buitenwerf, R.M. The history of rabbits in Australia is a deadly example of the havoc invasive species can wreak on ecosystems. The second pair of incisors in the Lagomorpha have no cutting surface and are called pivot teeth. Neither Rodentia nor Lagomorpha have canine teeth. Between the incisors and the oral cavity there is a haired cheek or lip fold that closes off the oral cavity. This makes inspection of the mouth relatively difficult in both orders. Breeding & Reproduction Guide, What Smells Deter Cats from Peeing? The primary difference among placental types is in the number of cell layers in the interhaemal area and the ease with which the transfer of macromolecules between the maternal and fetal blood occurs, making it an important factor with respect to the difference in placental permeability between animal species. Hall, William C. Rose. ; Tan, C.K. They concluded that avian HEV could enter the egg white (typically 10 mL egg white is present in chicken eggs) with a relatively high dose; however, no virus was detected in the chicks, signifying that avian HEV in eggs could not live through the initial embryonation phase (19 days of embryonation) [, The chicken model was able to evaluate vertical transmission and the causes of infertility, as seen with drops in egg production. Cossaboom, C.M. ANIMAL KINGDOM :: RODENTS AND LAGOMORPHS ; Chiu, T.H. Rabbit as a novel animal model for hepatitis E virus infection and vaccine evaluation. They noted that HEV was capable of completing its viral life cycle in placental-derived cells (JEG-3). Li, M.; Li, S.; He, Q.; Liang, Z.; Wang, L.; Wang, Q.; Wang, L. Hepatitis, E-related adverse pregnancy outcomes and their prevention by hepatitis E vaccine in a rabbit model. However, there was no seroconversion to anti-HEV antibodies in the two rabbits. Navaneethan, U.; Al Mohajer, M.; Shata, M.T. Yadav, K.K. These are about the size of their Haqshenas, G.; Shivaprasad, H.L. ; Ismael, A.; Ghaliony, M.A. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Rabbits come from the family Leporidae and are part of the Lagomorph Order of mammals. Arankalle, V.A. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 19881994. Naidu, S.S.; Viswanathan, R. Infectious hepatitis in pregnancy during Delhi epidemic. Nelson, K.E. They are characterized by their large ears and short legs, which help them to blend into their surroundings. Until the 20th century, people considered rabbits to be rodents and not lagomorphs. Graff, J.; Torian, U.; Nguyen, H.; Emerson, S.U. ; Lim, S.G.; Dan, Y.Y. Rasheeda, C.A. ; Haqshenas, G.; Kasorndorkbua, C.; Halbur, P.G. Perry, J.S. ALSO READ: The ultimate guide to setting up a rabbit cage, What to do if your rabbit starts chewing on the cage, Mexican Cottontail: What you need to know before adoption. ; Govindarajan, S.; Shapiro, M.; Gerin, J.L. rodent Herbivorous or omnivorous vertebrate (over 2,000 species) with Fecal viral RNA shedding and late viremia were observed in mice when intrasplenic inoculation (purified patient fecal suspension, HEV gt3) was administered. Chandra, V.; Taneja, S.; Kalia, M.; Jameel, S. Molecular biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus. Rabbits have four incisor teeth, while rodents only have two. Webrodents What is the largest order of mammals? The lengthy viremia and fecal shedding in rHEV-infected rabbits resembled human chronic HEV infection. They demonstrated that both gt1 and gt3 HEV (approximately 5 10, The genotype-related pathogenesis of HEV during pregnancy is indistinguishable, and a lack of efficient models has hampered fetal transmission studies of HEV. Now, new evidence on this question has come from recent fossil discoveries in permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. WebRodents have one pair of constantly growing sharp incisors used for feeding; lagomorphs have two pairs. From one week prior to the virus injection to 5 weeks post-injection, embryonated eggs were collected regularly from the above-mentioned group 3 chickens. FJ906895, FJ906888, FJ906896, FJ906893) was performed. ; Caudill, J.D. If you let your rabbit have the run of the house, keeping two or more together could help you protect furniture and other items against the incredible gnawing of a solitary, bored rabbits teeth. In 2015, Xia et al. However, lagomorph milk is among the richest of that of all mammals, and the young grow rapidly and are generally weaned in about a month. Rabbits do not belong to the Rodentia order, they are lagomorphs (Lagomorpha order). Koonin, E.V. In lung sections, they observed pathological manifestations of pulmonary edema, and in kidney sections, focal lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the blood vessels appeared. ; Lehman, J.R.; Webb, D.M. Rabbit life cycle: How Long Do Rabbits Live As Pets. demonstrated extrahepatic replication sites of HEV in a swine model. Characteristics shared by rodents and lagomorphs include ever-growing incisors and a diastema (space) separating the incisors from the cheek teeth. ; Emerson, S.U. One of the best approaches to studying HEV in pregnancy is likely a combinatorial approach that uses the best combination of emerging in vitro and in vivo systems while accounting for the deficiencies that are present in each model. **What are the shared features and differences between the two orders of rodentia and Lagomorpha? Rabbits Aren't Rodents! - My Animals 2023. Patra, S.; Kumar, A.; Trivedi, S.S.; Puri, M.; Sarin, S.K. Unlike rodents they have two rows of upper incisors and the upper maxillary arcades lie further apart than the mandibular arcades, meaning that only one side of the cheek teeth can be occluded at a given time. The pig is valuable for the study of different aspects of zoonotically transmitted HEV replication, pathogenesis, and cross-species infection. A historical lack of ability to efficiently propagate the virus in tissue culture models has led to many molecular aspects of the viral lifecycle being understudied. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Mice have smaller heads and larger ears and eyes relative to the head compared with rats. However, rabbits aren't rodents. Mutualistic Fermentative Digestion in the Gastrointestinal The nutrient and waste needs of the embryo and fetus are managed by this organ, while nutrients are passed to the placenta via the mothers blood, and waste is removed from the same channel. In the beginning, Glires were neither true rodents nor lagomorphs; we call them basal or stem taxa. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030618, Yadav KK, Kenney SP. To keep these teeth from growing into their brains, rodents grind their teeth against each other. Serological survey of hepatitis E virus infection in farmed and pet rabbits in Italy. The lifespan of wild rabbits: how long d Are Rabbits Mammals? Immune mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: Perspectives and challenges. Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. Liver tissue histopathology in pregnant rabbits with HEV infection was also conducted and demonstrated bridging necrosis or piecemeal necrosis and the infiltration of inflammatory cells via hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The rabbit is a small mammal. ; et al. Positive and negative strands of HEV RNA were discovered in the placental tissues of HEV-infected pregnant rabbits. ; Meng, X.J. All rights reserved. The two faces of hepatitis E virus. ; Green, J.A. contact@uncoveredforums.com+44 077 6565 0135, We will send you up-to date tips and guide directly to your inbox, The ultimate guide to setting up a rabbit cage, Are Rabbits Mammals? they have 2 specifically designed upper and lower incisor teeth What is unique about rodent teeth? The evolution of rodents and lagomorphs. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 14 Rabbit Myths And Misconceptions You Need To Stop Believing Now! Sridhar, S.; Teng, J.L.L. Positive and negative strands of HEV RNA in the liver tissues from HEV-infected pregnant rabbits suggested active virus replication. However, they claimed that the positive viral strand RNA recognition may not have been from the replicating virus since serum also tested positive for viral RNA. Pathobiology of hepatitis E: Lessons learned from primate models. Bouwknegt, M.; Rutjes, S.A.; Reusken, C.B. ; Kasorndorkbua, C.; Gilbert, C.; Guenette, D.; Potters, M.B. ; Pepe, G.J. Rabbits were infected with a naturally occurring gt3 strain of HEV that also infects humans. Purcell, R.H. The only living families in the ; Theaker, J.; Wittenborn, J.S. Rabbits have a systemic infection resulting in liver lesions as well as the ability of the virus to progress to chronicity and to cause pregnancy mortality (, Cynomolgus monkeys have a haemomonochorial and bidiscoid type of placenta that is very similar to the human placenta [, After the successful experimental infection in cynomolgus macaques, other NHPs were evaluated for the study of HEV. In 2018, Knegendorf et al. Ectopic Expression of Genotype 1 Hepatitis E Virus ORF4 Increases Genotype 3 HEV Viral Replication in Cell Culture. ; et al. ; Park, B.J. Aghaeepour, N.; Ganio, E.A. ; Ankavay, M.; Bull, A.; Pillez, A.; Abravanel, F.; Helle, F.; et al. ; Halbur, P.G. Hepatitis E Virus Lifecycle and Identification of 3 Forms of the ORF2 Capsid Protein. A Feature When you buy via links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. Rabbits, hares, and a few other species make up the Lagomorpha. Knegendorf, L.; Drave, S.A.; Dao Thi, V.L. ; Burghardt, R.C. ; Prasad, S.R. Infection of Owl Monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) and Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularist) with Hepatitis E virus from Mexico. Evolutionary history and population dynamics of hepatitis E virus. Furukawa, S.; Kuroda, Y.; Sugiyama, A. Rabbits are not rodents. Uncovered forums do not intend to provide veterinary advice. Williams, T.P. ; Emerson, S.U. ZOOLOGY: RABBITS' CLOSER RELATIONSHIP Surprisingly, HEV gt1 demonstrated higher susceptibility to chimpanzees in comparison to rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. They generated three differing cDNA clones (pSHEV-1, pSHEV-2, and pSHEV-3) by performing site-directed mutagenesis. In contrast, the control groups experienced no miscarriage (0/3) or death (0/3). Salek Farrokhi, A.; Zarnani, A.H.; Moazzeni, S.M. An, J.; Liu, T.; She, R.; Wu, Q.; Tian, J.; Shi, R.; Hao, W.; Ren, X.; Yang, Y.; Lu, Y.; et al. Yadav, K.K. Learn more. Lagomorph | mammal | Britannica ; Engler, W.F. ; Mcilwain, D.; Tsai, A.S.; Tingle, M.; Van Gassen, S.; Gaudilliere, D.K. This is a common misconception, but they are actually lagomorphs. The divergence between rodents and lagomorphs is placed just at the K-T boundary and the first splits among placentals in the Late Cretaceous. Briefly, mice were injected IV with HEV gt4 (strain KM01) (1 10, Even though no maternal deaths were reported in the study, seven mice injected with HEV in mid-pregnancy developed miscarriages. An increase in ALT and AST was seen in three out of four of the remaining rabbits without miscarriage. Rabbits and rats come from two different families and cant interbreed. Some of the greatest discoveries regarding HEV have come from using animal models for which naturally occurring strains of HEV have been identified, including pigs and chickens, but key limitations have made animal models imperfect for studying all aspects of human HEV infections. One common and interesting feature of lagomorph reproduction is how inattentive the mothers are to their young. reported HEV gt1 replication in the decidua and placenta tissue explants with observable apoptotic cells [, The above-mentioned in vitro studies and ex vivo studies such as JEG-3, PHESCs, and studies use the decidua basalis and fetal placenta, which demonstrate the relative differences in the interferon response, tissue damage and viral replication ability of gt1 and gt3 HEV. (This article belongs to the Special Issue. They are characterized by their long, thin tails, big eyes and small size. Unlike rodents they have two rows of upper incisors and the upper maxillary arcades lie further ; Liu, L. The emergence of genotypes 3 and 4 hepatitis E virus in swine and humans: A phylogenetic perspective. Huang, Y.W. The further development of small animal models, such as the BALB/c mouse model, to determine if gt1 or gt2 HEV pathology can be recapitulated is warranted, and provide hope for further small animal model development in the HEV pregnancy mortality field. In addition, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis was observed in 15 of 18, 16 of 19, and 9 of 17 pigs from groups 1 to 3, respectively. ; Reyes, G.R. Hence, even though egg white was positive for avian HEV, the vertical transmission was not supported due to the absence of the virus in the samples collected from 60 hatched chicks. However, there are also several species that breed only once per year or have only very small litters. Hatched chicks necropsied at 23 days of age were reported as avian HEV positive for bile and liver samples. Humans, like most other mammals, develop two different sets of dentition called the deciduous dentition (or primary dentition, baby teeth, or milk teeth), and the permanent dentition (or secondary dentition, or adult teeth). conducted a study with the inocula of 10, In addition, extra-hepatic replication has been mentioned in rHEV-infected rabbits. Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. "Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus" Microorganisms 11, no. Human reproductive physiology is much more complicated and nuanced than the simple summation of cellular or isolated tissue effects. Much meat, much malady: Changing perceptions of the epidemiology of hepatitis E. Kuniholm, M.H. Although convincing results from previous studies have proved rabbits to be one of the best models to utilize for HEV pregnancy mortality at the current time, there are specific drawbacks to the model. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Egg whites from eggs of chickens infected experimentally with avian hepatitis E virus contain infectious virus, but evidence of complete vertical transmission is lacking. Khuroo, M.S. ; Schulz, L.C. Rodents come from the Rodentia order of mammals. ; Zhu, Y.; Hibberd, M.L. Carter, A.M. ; Ticehurst, J.; London, W.; Purcell, R.H. ELISA for Antibody to Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Based on Complete Open-Reading Frame-2 Protein Expressed in Insect Cells: Identification of HEV Infection in Primates. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. In addition, rodents only have tooth enamel on the front of their teeth, which usually has yellowish or orange tones. All rodents have a pair of upper and a pair of lower teeth called incisors. Wong, D.C.; Purcell, R.H.; Sreenivasan, M.A. As the trimester continues, the external layer of the embryo merges with the endometrium, and the placenta is formed. They showed similar disease patterns between clones pSHEV-2 and pSHEV-3 and wild-type swine HEV, made evident by the seroconversion, viremia, and fecal shedding of viruses. ; Meng, X.-J. ; Wee, A.; Aw, P.P. Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface. Roberts, R.M. Yugo, D.M. Presence of hepatitis E virus in a naturally infected swine herd from nursery to slaughter. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Interestingly, pre-exposure to the HEV 239 vaccine before copulation resulted in no HEV infections. ; Haqshenas, G.; Guenette, D.K. Furthermore, they did not see a considerable difference in the gross lesions either in gilts, fetuses, or piglets. Arankalle, V.A. Cheng, X.; Wang, S.; Dai, X.; Shi, C.; Wen, Y.; Zhu, M.; Zhan, S.; Meng, J. ; Purcell, R.H.; Emerson, S.U. The identification of avian HEV and its similarity to HEV strains in humans permits the usage of chickens as a homologous animal model to research HEV-related pathology and replication strategies in detail. ; Chang, C.W. What You Need To Know! Hepatitis E virus ORF3 is a functional ion channel required for release of infectious particles. ; Anang, S.; Subramani, C.; Madhvi, A.; Bakshi, K.; Srivastava, A.; Shalimar Nayak, B.; Ranjith Kumar, C.T. In this post, we will explore the differences between rabbits and rodents, and discuss some of the things rabbit owners need to keep in mind. Are Rabbits Rodents? The Differences Between The Two - Just To investigate the HEV vertical transmission, newborn kits from four out of six HEV-infected pregnant rabbits (two had miscarriages) were studied. Their fast and prodigious growth and short reproductive cycles make them ideal for performing large numbers of experiments quickly. They recommended that the antibodies against HEV that were identified in these newborns were probably induced by infection rather than passively acquired from their HEV-infected mothers because the seroconversion to anti-HEV antibodies occurred at 3 months of age in those newborns. Placental steroid hormone biosynthesis in primate pregnancy. Studies in which rabbits were experimentally inoculated with human strains of gt3 HEV confirmed seroconversion but were unsuccessful in demonstrating replication and fecal shedding [, In summary, the rabbit model is currently the best HEV model for studying pregnancy mortality. ; da Silva, A.C.; Pinto, D.P. What You Need To Kn Are Rabbits Mammals? Khuroo, M.S. Although multiple studies have been conducted using NHPs, the disadvantage of not being the natural host of HEV, along with limited clinical presentations of the disease, makes it an unsuitable model for studying human HEV infection (, The chorioallantoic placenta of the mouse is discoid in shape and hemotrichorial in type [, In 2017, Sayed et al. Several studies are ongoing to establish an animal model mimicking the HEV clinical manifestations seen in humans, to understand the pregnancy-related pathology, and to identify the novel characteristics of HEV replication. One of the reasons that rabbits arent rodents, but lagomorphs, is the fact that lagomorphs are vegetarians. Also, unlike rabbits, rodents dont only live in tunnels and burrows. ; Lee, S.W. Microorganisms. The pikas (family Ochotonidae) are represented by one genus (Ochotona) and about 29 species found in the mountains of western North America and much of Asia. Hepatitis E virus: Animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. Also, Rabbits are different from rodents in several ways. All lagomorphs (meaning hare-shaped) are small to medium-sized terrestrial herbivores. Purdy, M.A. In contrast, the virulence of the same strain was comparatively higher, as suggested by elevated liver enzymes [, Furthermore, HEV infects different NHPs, including pig-tailed macaques, vervets, owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and patas monkeys but tamarins the infections are dubious because infection was not demonstrated in all the inoculated animals [, To examine the virulence between several HEV genotypes, rhesus monkeys were used. Naked viruses that arent always naked: Quasi-enveloped agents of acute hepatitis. ; Toth, T.E. In addition, they could not see any notable microscopic lesions in any of the piglets or fetuses [, At 12 dpi, the necropsy of inoculated gilts (, In 2005, Huang et al. They are sociable animals, usually preferring to live with other rabbits. ; Bill, C.H., 2nd. Experimental hepatitis E in pregnant rhesus monkeys: Failure to transmit hepatitis E virus (HEV) to offspring and evidence of naturally acquired antibodies to HE.V. Wang, L.; Xia, J.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y. Di Renzo, G.C. The course of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs after contact-infection and intravenous inoculation. ; Ellis, T.M. ; Toth, T.E. The, Role of Placental, Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. Science 7th 7.3 ; Simard, C.; Houde, A. Ding, Q.; Heller, B.; Capuccino, J.M. Sayed, I.M. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. RT-PCR results for fecal, bile, and liver samples were negative for avian HEV infection. Rabbits, however, are not a part of the rodent family and are, in fact, a member of the Lagomorph order of animals. [] there are some key ways in which rabbits are different from rodents. Notably, there was a smaller number of fetuses in the HEV =-infected group in comparison to the negative control group [early (35 fetuses), middle (3 fetuses), or late (61 fetuses)]. WebAbstract. Avian reproductive anatomy, physiology and endocrinology. Forty-two female rabbits were split into seven groups, with two groups administered with a preventative vaccine and one group with PBS. Schumacher, A. Transmission of hepatitis E virus from rabbits to cynomolgus macaques. Meng, X.J. Rabbits are gregarious burrowing animals with long ears, long hind legs, and a short white bushy tail. ; Emerson, S.U. Michelle Provost-Craig, Susan J. ; Burney, M.I. ; et al. Han, J.; Lei, Y.; Liu, L.; Liu, P.; Xia, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zeng, H.; Wang, L.; Wang, L.; Zhuang, H. SPF rabbits infected with rabbit hepatitis E virus isolate experimentally showing the chronicity of hepatitis. In addition, fetal weight, length, offspring birth weight, and weight gain were studied but resulted in non-significant differences between the inoculated and control gilts. Teo, C.G. Systematic pathogenesis and replication of avian hepatitis E virus in specific-pathogen-free adult chickens. Along with dentition, the differences in rodent and lagomorphs include: Rodents have a single pair of incisors in their upper and lower jaws, both of equal size. The most noticeable feature of these two types of mammals is the continuously growing large chisel-shaped incisors and the distinct diastema between the incisors and the cheek teeth. Due to the presence of these incisors, rodents and lagomorphs have gained the ability of gnawing. **What can naked mole rats tell us about aging? The prevalence of Th2-type cytokines establishes an anti-inflammatory state so that maternalfetal interface harmony can be maintained [, In the last stage, which occurs very late in the third trimester, fetal development finishes, and the babys birth is attained through a restored state of inflammation that is backed by Th1-type cytokines and immune cell invasion into the myometrium [. Lagomorphs are similar to other mammals in that they all have hair, four limbs (i.e., they are tetrapods), and mammary glands and are endotherms. Rabbits dont. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. The Rodentia family includes popular and widely recognized species like the mouse and the rat. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Our dataset supports the same basic phylogenetic structure for Mammalia and Glires (figure 4; electronic supplementary High mortality associated with an outbreak of hepatitis E among displaced persons in Darfur, Sudan. Congruence, fossils and the evolutionary tree of rodents and Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. generated capped RNA transcripts of full-length cDNA clones of pig HEV which they revealed to be replication competent when transfected into human hepatoma 7 (Huh7) cells and infectious after intrahepatic injection into pigs. ungulates ; Bovids and Equids What is the name for mammals with hooves? Izopet, J.; Dubois, M.; Bertagnoli, S.; Lhomme, S.; Marchandeau, S.; Boucher, S.; Kamar, N.; Abravanel, F.; Guerin, J.L. So, we hope all of this has cleared up the differences between rabbits and rodents! Their incisors continue to grow throughout their lives, which is also true of rodents and they have a gap between their incisors and the teeth by their cheeks. Swine HEV was IV inoculated to 12 gilts at day 79 post-breeding, and six gilts were utilized as a negative control. Animal models of human placentationA review. Yang, C.; Hao, X.; Li, Y.; Long, F.; He, Q.; Huang, F.; Yu, W. Successful Establishment of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pregnant BALB/c Mice. Zhang, Y.; Gong, W.; Song, W.T. Anti-HEV IgG was detected in all the infants, and HEV RNA was detected in five. ; Braginsky, D.M. Significant differences between the timing and interplay of these systems are notable between species, and making direct comparisons between animals and humans can be difficult at times. Active swine HEV infection was seen with each of these three clones when capped RNA transcripts were injected intrahepatically. Fatal outbreaks of jaundice in pregnancy and the epidemic history of hepatitis E. Boccia, D.; Guthmann, J.P.; Klovstad, H.; Hamid, N.; Tatay, M.; Ciglenecki, I.; Nizou, J.Y.